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| 1545 |
| | | Ambroise Paré, the greatest surgeon of his day, publishes an account of how to treat gunshot wounds | |
|  | Artificial hand designed by Ambroise Paré
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1560 |
| | | Tobacco is grown in Europe's physic gardens for its medicinal qualities | |
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| c. 1576 |
| | | Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe builds Uraniborg, on the island of Hven, and makes it the world's leading observatory | |
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| 1582 |
| | | The new and more accurate Gregorian calendar is introduced by Gregory XIII in the papal states | |
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| 1596 |
| | | Tycho Brahe enters the service of the emperor Rudolf II in Prague, where he invites Johannes Kepler to join him | |
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| 1596 |
| | | Swiss botanist Gaspard Bauhin begins work classifying 6000 plants on a new binomial system of nomenclature | |
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| 1600 |
| | | William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth, concludes that the earth is a magnet and coins the term 'magnetic pole' | |
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| 1600 |
| | | Electricity is given its name (in the Latin phrase vis electrica) by the English physician, William Gilbert | |
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| 1609 |
| | | Johannes Kepler, in Prague, puts forward the radical proposition that the planets move in elliptical rather than circular orbits | |
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| 1610 |
| | | Galileo, with his new powerful telescope, observes the moons of Jupiter and spots moving on the surface of the sun | |
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